Example Report

BEE3133 Electrical indicator Systems dispersal System radial-ply tire and address dispersion Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Enginee peal Universiti Malaysia Pahang e-mail emailprotected com Introduction Generally, scatte b sinker forward constitution is part of office organizations which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That scatte anticipate dust is the electrical placement between the sub-station supply by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The scattering systems consist of affluents, allocators and service chief(prenominal)s.A affluent is a manager which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the atomic number 18a where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings atomic number 18 taken from the feeder so that online in it remains the represent by means ofout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for put up to the consume rs. The up-to-date through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its distance. A service main is generally a small line of reasoning which connects the distributor to the consumers terminals. In practice, the radiate system and ring main system are utilize. essay 1 Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers unremarkably use stellate scattering in rural battlefields where the accuse is randomly distributed, branchd by areas bodily fluidh little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial dispersion system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central arrest (the substation) as shown in physique 1. There is no looping of the feeders. conception 1 Radial System of Feeders Objective To indorse the principles of the commonly utilize radial system for modest electric potential dissemination networks . Schematic plats figure 2 Schematic diagram for audition 1 force A trope 3 Schematic Diagram for experimentation 1 surgical operation B Figure 4 Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 operation C Results for use A tabulate 1 Lamp electric potentials weight potentiality Lamp 1 23. 0V Lamp 2 18. 0V Lamp 3 14. 0V Lamp 4 11. 0V Lamp 5 9. 0V Lamp 6 8. 0V Results for Procedure B knock back 2 Results for Procedure B set modus operandi Lamp Feeder calculated potential drop Measured on-going electric potential exhaust 1 22. 0V 0. 048A 6. 0V 2 17. 0v 0. 055A 12. 0V 3 13. 0V 0. 060A 15. 0V 4 10. 0V 0. 062A 18. 0V 5 9. 0V 0. 061A 20. 0V 6 8. 0V 0. 060A 21. 0V table 3 Calculated and Measured immunity flows and Voltages Resistor Number Calculated Current Calculated Voltage fall away Measured Voltage Drop Error 1 0. 846A 8. 0V 6. 0V 25. 00% 2 0. 654A 13. 0V 12. 0V 7. 69% 3 0. 500A 17. 0V 15. 0V 11. 76% 4 0. 385A 20. 0V 18. 0V 10. 00% 5 0. 346A 21. 0V 20. 0V 4. 76% 6 0. 308A 22 . 0V 21. 0V 4. 55% Table 4 Lamp Voltages Lamp number Calculated potency Measured electromotive force Error 1 22. 00V 22. 0V 0% 2 17. 00V 17. 0V 0% 3 13. 00V 13. 0V 0% 4 10. 01V 10. 0V 0. 10% 5 9. 00V 9. 0V 0% 6 8. 01V 8. 0V 0. 12% Results for Procedure CTable 5 Separate Feeders CircuitNumber Lamp Feeder Measured Voltage Measured Current Voltage Drop 1 28. 0V 0. 067A 1. 0V 2 26. 0V 0. 066A 3. 0V 3 25. 0V 0. 061A 4. 0V 4 24. 0V 0. 061A 6. 0V 5 22. 0V 0. 059A 7. 0V 6 21. 0V 0. 057A 8. 0V Discussion The potential drop crosswise for individually cardinal lamp in use A, decreased as well as the spark of the lamps due to the amplify in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of potential is incapacitated (unavailable to the commove), due to the potential drop go off developed crossways the resistance of the conductor.In the cognitive process B, value of current, electric potential and voltage lapse ar e calculated and measured. The kirchoffs Law is use to calculate the value of calculated current. In carry over 3, the determine of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are different from hotshot another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increase as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from root word increased, both values show a decreased. It can be reason that as the center of impedance increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In mathematical function C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder committed to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the measurement of misdirects/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of cuts utilise in the appendage.A principle known as Kirchhoffs travel laws states that in all circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each destiny of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. purpose As conclusion, the principles of the commonly utilize radial system for low voltage scattering networks is certifyd. Experiment 2 Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly employ in urban areas with risque housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring dissemination substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to i another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of deprave supply is needful and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring statistical scattering network. Figure 7 Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring dispersion systems as used in low vol tage networks. Schematic Diagrams Figure 6 Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7 Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A Lamp Number Voltage 1 26V 2 24V 22V 4 24V 5 26V 6 30V Table 7 Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B CircuitNumber Lamp Feeder Measured Voltage Measured Current Voltage Drop 1 26. 0V 0. 025A 4V 2 24. 0V 0. 026A 6V 3 23. 0V 0. 025A 7V 4 23. 5V 0. 026A 6V 5 26. 0V 0. 025A 4V 6 30. 0V 0. 023A 0V Table 8 Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion The ring circuit acts equivalent two radial circuits proceeding in pivotal directions around the ring, the dividing heighten between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half(prenominal) of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In result A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is faraway superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/ electrical outlet has 2 analog paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one pegleg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) whe refore the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are fair to middling for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offered a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated.Example ReportBEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email emailprotected com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and servi ce mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its length. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumers terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1 Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1 Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic DiagramsFigure 2 Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3 Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4 Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A Table 1 Lamp Voltages Load Voltage Lamp 1 23. 0V Lamp 2 18. 0V Lamp 3 14. 0V Lamp 4 11. 0V Lamp 5 9. 0V Lamp 6 8. 0V Results for Procedure B Table 2 Results for Procedure B Circuit Number Lamp Feeder Measured Voltage Measured Current Voltage Drop 1 22. 0V 0. 048A 6. 0V 2 17. 0v 0. 055A 12. 0V 3 13. 0V 0. 060A 15. 0V 4 10. 0V 0. 062A 18. 0V 5 9. 0V 0. 061A 20. 0V 6 8. 0V 0. 060A 21. 0VTable 3 Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number Calculated Current Calculated Voltage Drop Measured Voltage Drop Err or 1 0. 846A 8. 0V 6. 0V 25. 00% 2 0. 654A 13. 0V 12. 0V 7. 69% 3 0. 500A 17. 0V 15. 0V 11. 76% 4 0. 385A 20. 0V 18. 0V 10. 00% 5 0. 346A 21. 0V 20. 0V 4. 76% 6 0. 308A 22. 0V 21. 0V 4. 55% Table 4 Lamp Voltages Lamp number Calculated voltage Measured voltage Error 1 22. 00V 22. 0V 0% 2 17. 00V 17. 0V 0% 3 13. 00V 13. 0V 0% 4 10. 01V 10. 0V 0. 10% 5 9. 00V 9. 0V 0% 6 8. 01V 8. 0V 0. 12% Results for Procedure CTable 5 Separate Feeders CircuitNumber Lamp Feeder Measured Voltage Measured Current Voltage Drop 1 28. 0V 0. 067A 1. 0V 2 26. 0V 0. 066A 3. 0V 3 25. 0V 0. 061A 4. 0V 4 24. 0V 0. 061A 6. 0V 5 22. 0V 0. 059A 7. 0V 6 21. 0V 0. 057A 8. 0V Discussion The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is lost (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the c onductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoffs Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are different from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoffs circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Conclusion As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2 Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7 Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used i n low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams Figure 6 Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7 Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A Lamp Number Voltage 1 26V 2 24V 22V 4 24V 5 26V 6 30V Table 7 Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B CircuitNumber Lamp Feeder Measured Voltage Measured Current Voltage Drop 1 26. 0V 0. 025A 4V 2 24. 0V 0. 026A 6V 3 23. 0V 0. 025A 7V 4 23. 5V 0. 026A 6V 5 26. 0V 0. 025A 4V 6 30. 0V 0. 023A 0V Table 8 Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the correspon ding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely p rovides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offered a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated.