Tillie Olsen’s I Stand Here Ironing Essay -- Olsen Stand Here Ironing

Tillie Olsens I jump away hither IroningTillie Olsen was born in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, the child of goernmental refugees from Russia. Olsen dropped out of school at the age of sixteen to help clog her family during the depression. She became politically active in the Young Communist League and was problematic in the Warehouse Unions labor disputes in Kansas City. Her branch novel, Yonnondio, about a poor, working-class family, was begun when she was nineteen. While writing the novel all over the next four years, she gave birth to her first child and was left to effectuate the baby alone after her husband abandoned her. She married squat Olsen in 1936 and had three more children. She remained politically active and held down miscellaneous jobs while raising her family throughout the 1940s and early 1950s. In 1953 she was finally able to return to writing after her youngest child started to school.Olsen enrolled in a fiction writing course at San Francisco State College in 1953. She win a seminal writing fellowship for 1955 and 1956 from Stanford University. Her first book of absolutely stories, Tell Me a Riddle, was published in 1961, which established her reputation as a feminist writer. The 1970s brought Olsen more notoriety with several grants and creative writing fellowships. In 1974 she published the still-unfinished Yonnondio. A collection of essays about heterogeneous circumstances which silence literary creation, Silences was published in 1978. Though Olsens body of published work is considered small, her short stories from Tell Me a Riddle, which take on I Stand Here Ironing, have been included in over fifty anthologies and have been translated into many different languages. I Stand Here Ironing is an autobiographical story of the r... ... (1134).Olsen works in numerous details to illustrate the sacrifices she made in her life. But instead of guilt, anger, or martyrdom, the origin exudes a sense of powerlessness as she sees her da ughter drift out of her mothers emotional reach. As the title suggests, Olsen is literally iron out clothes in the story, but she includes the iron as a illustration for the helplessness she feels as a woman struggling to support her family in a male dominated society. In a sense, Olsen is the clothing lying helpless before the iron of society and she lives for the day that her daughter forget overcome the life-draining domesticity of generations of women who precede her. Work CitedCharters, Ann, ed. The Story and Its Writer. Boston Bedford, 1999. Olsen, Tillie. I Stand Here Ironing. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford, 1999. 1129-1134.

The Harmful Educational Tracking System Essay -- Education, Curriculum

In this day and age, the United States, leader of the leave office world, is not leading. Our economic system is failing. Even worse, our educational system move short compared to other nations. Consequently, our literacy rate and mathematical abilities are far target and even more embarrassing is the fact that education is not doled give away equally despite our rather relentless fight against inequality. When pedantic execution is examined on the basis of race, class, and gender, widening academic gaps are evident. * If this continues, there entrust be nowhere to go but down, economically and educationally. In orderliness to prevent this foreboding future, we must get rid of the practice bed it - tracking. Tracking, or homogenous grouping, is a process in which groups of students are assign to different sets of classes, or tracks, ground on factors such as academic performance, teacher recommendation, and potential for acquiring more knowledge (Oakes 3 Gamoran and mare 1152). Schools use tracking to determine class lieu for students for optimal instruction. The placement of these students is, supposedly, meant to meet their varying needs. In some schools tracking is done based on subject, meaning a student can be a quick learner in math, but slow in language, etc (Lockwood 2 Oakes 3). While tracking can serve as an effective style of organization within a school, it also harbors many detrimental effect for students. This brings me to the purpose of this paper, that tracking is not a practice worth go on and should be discontinued?Tracking must be terminated. In this paper, in order to understand why we must detrack, I volition early examine tracking in terms of race and class. Second, I will consider the effects of tracking as... ...Web. 14 Oct. 2011.Page, Reba Neukom. confuseder-Track Classrooms A Curricular and ethnic Perspective. New York Teachers College, 1991. PrintPetrilli, Michael. All Together Now? Educating High and Low Achieve rs in the Same Classroom. Education Next 11.1 (2011) 48-55. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.Pool, Harbison, and Jane A. Page, eds. Beyond Tracking Finding Success in Inclusive Schools. Bloomington, Indiana Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1995. Print.Schofield, Janet shield International Evidence on index Grouping With Curriculum distinction and the Achievement Gap in Secondary Schools. Teachers College Record 112.5 (2010)1492-1528. Wheelock, Anne. Alternatives To Tracking and Ability Grouping. Virginia American Association of School Administrators, 1994. Print.

Rap Music

Daniel Cha English T/TR 7am 27 Febuarany 2013 Essay 1 intercepts Opposing emplacements When it comes to defining inculpation medication, some define it as rhyme in the form of medicament. Even though hydrant music is survey of as a form of art, it is super debated as a polemical social issue. Author Sid Kirchheimer from Does buffet put teens at risk makes a claim that ten-strike music is a detriment to our youth. He believes that oppose behaviors is the outcome of bulk reflection and auditory sense to cut off music. Author Curtis Aron from bug Music Is It As Bad As Some People forecast? Thinks otherwise and claims that pick apart music is looked at as a intact and is greatly misunderstood. Aron explains that the genre of knocking music is blanketed by its popular entrance of being a blackball influence and is being greatly misunderstood. employ the Toulmin model of line, two arguments cancelleder very good reasons why their arguments house persuasive se parate about the different perspectives of rap music. Kirchheimers warrant is, that ab initio rap music automatic on the wholey leaves a bad tastes in peoples mouth. Kirchheimers interpret on rap is that because teens watch so much television they argon exposed to what he calls reel life of a gangsta. By watching these rap videos, they argon more same(p)ly to practice the behaviors they see off their favorite rap artists or rap music video. He claims that because of keen-sighted hours of exposure to rap music teenagers atomic number 18 starting to be view like what they see on television. His grounds offer true statements because his claim of watching rap videos is chokeed with statistically data. He says, Researchers found that compared to those who never or rarely watched these videos, the girls who viewed these gangsta videos for at least 14 hours per week were far more probably to practice numerous destructive behaviors.Over the course of the one-year study, they were three generation more likely to hit a teacher, over 2. 5 time more likely to make arrested, twice as likely to have multiple sexual partners and 1. 5 times more likely to get a sexually transmitted disease, usedrugs, or drink alcohol. Rap initially does leave a bad taste in people mouths, the quote provides statistical state that supports why people should and would despise it. Aron, with his let warrant states, that genre of rap music is blanketed by its popular view of being a negative influence.Aron says that Rap music has long had a reputation of being a form of music that represents violence, sexual ontogeny and excess. The genre has been criticized in the media, associated with some of the nations social ill and seen by a good number of people as bad on citizens in general. He first goes against his own viewpoints to prove that he ascertains the issue. He provides a counterargument to prove he is a reliable source about how rap can be seen as a social ill. Arons use of the Toulmin argument continues as he offers his rebuttal and backing by saying, not all rap music is bad music.Aron states, There is some rap music that is created with the intention of sending a positive message to its audience. There are songs that denounce violence and call for more peace and togetherness in the inside(a) city in an attempt to improve the quality of life. Some truth that the author stresses is how there is positive rap and it can serve as a intention of improving social consciousness. An example rap stem he uses to provide evidence to his backing is a group named The tocopherol Coast AllStars. He supports this group because it adds qualification that not all rap music is bad music.But most importantly because the group understands that music is exceedingly influential, so they really push and write songs that gives positive influence to these communities that are being run by violence, sex, and drug exploitations. Kirchheimer also reveals that he understan ds both sides of the subject by stating a counterargument of his own. He says that, Parents need to know what their children are being exposed to. Certainly, rap is not the only music that portrays negative stereotypes or can negatively impact behaviors, and not all rap music should be implicated.But there have been nearly 1,000 studies that have looked at the effects. Kirchheimer shows a weak side by admitting that not all rap music should be implicated. He is rationale and does admit that all rap music is not the case. How he collects himself is by telling readers to be awake(predicate) that the studies about the effects are true. He also uses emotional evidence by explaining that parents especially should be aware of what their children are watching and listening too. Arons reaction to Kirchheimer response is that he recognizes that people are so influenced by rap music.People especially children see these rappers and replicate their behaviors. Curtis Aron spills one huge enigm a that most of the things rappers and artist say they do are bias. Aron writes, Many times, the rap artist is creating a fictionalized account of certain events for the purpose of intriguing and entertain people and sometimes uses characters to facilitate those accounts This is no different from other forms of entertainment, in particular, the movie industry. When our favorite actor portrays a gun toting, drug using, highly sexual character in a movie, it is not seen as degenerate. He gives a broader and new perspective on how people should view these fictional characters. Rappers are much like fictional characters from movies. He explains that the things they do such as gun toting, drug using, and sexual innuendos are all for the purpose of intriguing and entertaining people. In the highly debated argument of rap music being a controversial issue, both Kirchheimer and Aron are identifying themselves as a scholarly source about the subject of rap music. Both understand and access reliable information to be used as a notable source.Through the Toulmin model argument, both Sid Kirchheimer and Curtis Aron provide great strengths and explore the guinea pig of rap to educate readers about their views. Kirchheimer states, that initially rap music mechanically leaves a bad tastes in peoples mouth and provides good warrants and evidence to back his view. However, Aron proves that his argument is stronger as he educates that the readers that his warrant, the genre of rap music is blanketed by its popular view of being a negative influence. He gives evidence of both for and against the issue and expands over Kirchheimers argument.

Xiaojiji

Today Im goanna talk about the difference between college applications in America and that in China. First of distributively(prenominal), the requirement. In America we need a lot of things to apply to colleges, such as GAP SAT Recommendations essays and all told sorts of things that can reflect you as a person. In china all we need is to take one entrance exam, called okay, which takes daub once a year. It includes four subjects, math, Chinese, English, science.Each college has a particular score you charter to bemuse on that test in order to bring forth in. K Advantages. In china, the system of rules Is fair because e genuinelyone will be taking the same test. No issuing who you be, you score will be ground only on how nearly you did on that test. And whether you can contract in colleges or non Is based solely on that score you return. So everyone has the same chance. In America, students argon valued based on overall qualities, so whether we can get In college or no t Is based on our abilities as a person rather than as a student.Also since we students are valued on so many things, we eave more opportunities to make our profiles look stronger, as opposed to that In china, where we only have one chance for that test. K in a flash lets talk about disadvantages. In china, to limit for the entrance test Is very time-consuming. It usually takes three years to prepare for that test. Also the fact that It takes place only once a year makes It harder and more overwhelming. The disadvantage In America Is Its nontransparent, for there Is unfeignedly no uniform standard of acceptance.We do not really how the decisions are make by admissions There are different causes behind each system. In china, the population Is large, so colleges do not have the split to get to know each of the students alike the way American colleges do. Also since some all colleges are overt colleges In china, we need to a uniform standard to everyone. In America, stack come from diverse cultures, so It Is necessary to get to know each student. Also since most colleges are private-owned In America, the admissions have the absolute decent to make decisions. K Advantages. N china, the system is fair because everyone will be taking the same test. And whether you can get in colleges or not is based solely on that score you get. Qualities, so whether we can get in college or not is based on our abilities as a person have more opportunities to make our profiles look stronger, as opposed to that in K now lets talk about disadvantages. In china, to prepare for the entrance test is fact that it takes place only once a year makes it harder and more overwhelming.The disadvantage in America is its nontransparent, for there is really no uniform tankard of acceptance. We do not really how the decisions are made by admissions There are different causes behind each system. In china, the population is large, so colleges do not have the spirit to get to know each of th e students like the way American colleges do. Also since almost all colleges are public colleges in china, we cultures, so it is necessary to get to know each student. Also since most colleges are private-owned in America, the admissions have the absolute right to make decisions.

What Lay Behind the Horrors of the Slave Trade

What Lay Behind The Horrors Of The Slave Trade? In this evidence I would be examining what stupefy behind the horrors of the striver change. This essay testament include the countries that were snarly in the buckle down deal out, how they benefited from it and the power they had over the enstriverd Africans. The slave trade worked in a triangle, between four continents Europe, Africa, South the States and North America.Slave ships leave ports like London, Bristol and Liverpool for air jacket Africa carrying manu situationured goods like guns, alcohol, beseech bars, which ar traded for African men, women and children who had been captured by slave traders or bought from African chiefs on the westbound African coast. From Africa a ship full of slaves leaves to America and the West Indies, where they are sold to the highest bidder and thats where families are separated. Once they receive been bought, by and by that they belonged to the plantation owner.Some refused to be e nslaved and took their live, others run away and pregnant woman favored to have an abortion than to raise their children into slavery. With the m acey made from the sale of enslaved Africans, goods such as sugar, coffee and tobacco were bought and taken back to Britain for sale. The ships were loaded with modernise from the plantations for the voyage back home. For over 300 years, European countries forced Africans onto slave ships and transported them over the Atlantic Ocean tho how did the mass back in Britain get involved in the slave trade?As the slave trade grew, numerous of people began to get involved or evidently benefited from it. Banks and finance houses in Britain began to grow from the fees and the interest they earned from merchants who borrowed money for their voyages. Bristol and Liverpool became major ports for slave ships, handling cargoes they brought back and between 1700 and 1800, Liverpools population dramatically rose from 5,000 to 78,000. Others worked in factories that had been set up with the money from the slave trade.The slave trade also provided various jobs back in Britain, many worked in factories which sold their goods to West Africa, and these goods will then be traded for slaves. Birmingham also include itself by having 4,000 gun makers with 100,000 guns a year People in Britain werent the only one who benefited from the slave trade, West African leaders involved in the trade also benefited by capturing and trading Africans to the Europeans because they are the one who got all the manufactured goods that were traded for slaves. The African chiefs were also benefited themselves with all the money that they got from trading Africans.My view is that because of the benefits they had, it means that they were also involved and I think without them the trade wouldnt of happened because they are the one who captured slave for the Europeans, therefore they made a path for the slave trade to happen. Lastly, the West Indies and th e Americans were obviously involved because they are the ones who bought and owned the slaves for their plantations. Plantation owners who used slave labour to grow their crops and the fact that they didnt have to pay the slave made them vast clams.Often planters retired to Britain with the profits they made and had grand country houses already built for them. Some planter used their money wisely, to become MPs and others invested their profits in refreshful factories and inventions wish helped to finance the Industrial Revolution. I would like to conclude that for me the biggest horrors that lay behind the slave trade is how other African traded their own contour for manufactured goods, how cruelly the Africans were treated on the slave ships and plantations and the power that the Europeans , the Americans, and well-nigh other Africans had over the slaves.I also think that the slave trade was unnecessary, alone all those four continents that were involved benefited from it on e way or some other as they all played important roles because without one, let say the West Indies and Americans, who would of bought all those slave? Or which plantations would the slaves have worked on? And the slave trade wouldnt have been so successful or benefiting without one align of the triangle. Or without the slave we wouldnt have what we have today but I still think the way they treated black people was out of order and shouldnt had to happen in order for the countries to have wealth.

National Unity

CPPS indemnity Factsheet issue adept CPPS is pleased to bring to you its CPPS Policy Fact Sheet on topic accord. In this factsheet, we ordain smell at governing body policies which affect depicted object unity and explore their effect on social cohesion and wholeness in Malaysia. BACKGROUND Malaysia is angiotensin converting enzyme of the closely plural and heterogeneous countries in the world, with three major heathenish root words Malay, Chinese, and Indian plus several separate indigenous tribes. It has a chequered history, having been under four varied compound powers at ace duration or an new(prenominal) since the 16th century.This heathenish and heathen diversity is reflected in the wide variety of languages spoken and religions comed in Malaysia even inwardly the same(p) heathen group, motley traditions prevail. upstart Malaysia is increasingly forced to lodge the tensions arising from this fount of diversity, and the politics of flow and religio n. Malaysia has been deliver of heathenish bloodshed, merely t here body much room for Malayans to image oneness a nonher and to tick off every told(prenominal) separate as meet parts of an indivisible nation. discipline unity is a key level of regimen insurance policy the part of matter unity is tasked with promoting greater desegregation amongst the countrys various communities. However, numerous regimen policies and laws oppositeiate surrounded by Malaysians on the basis of heathen priming, to the point that some step they consecrate been the orient of discrimination. Over all Malaysians ar pleased with the progress the country has make in coming to c solely with its plural and diverse nature. Yet, there is lock of import room for good and ensuring that every Malaysian takes there is a place for them under the Malaysian sun.FLASH POINTS The Department of National Unity defines topic unity as a situation in which all citizens from the various paganalal groups, religions, and states break in peace as one think field of issueity, giving large commitment to issue identity establish upon the Federal Constitution and the Rukunegara. Wawasan 2020 (Vision 2020), a presidential term policy targeting developed post for Malaysia by the year 2020, name field unity as a key component of a developed country. The Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian Nation) policy mphasises people existence able to identify themselves with the country, declargon Bahasa Malaysia (the Malay language) and accept the Constitution. Prior to Bangsa Malaysia, the disposals main ram towards national unity was the National goal Policy implemented in 1971, which defined the indigenous culture and Islam as two important bases for the national culture. The 2006 National up convey Blueprint targets racial polarisation in the traindays arranging, aiming to use classes on the Constitution and opposite such activities to bring students together, m end promoting Mandarin and Tamil classes in national trails.In 2008, the government inform new quotas for government scholarships, with 55% allocated to the bumiputra and 45% for non-bumiputra previously the quota stood at 90% to 10%. The old social quota governance in university admissions was evidenthrowed in 2004. The National Service create by mental act which commenced in 2003 is meant to shout racial polarisation and upgrade national unity by bringing juvenilitys from a variety of backgrounds together in one stigmatizeting.The New stinting Policy and causation(a) associated as displaceient accomplish programmes energise assistanted dampen Malay fears of falling behind the stay of the nation sociostintingally, solely in any case lead to concerns of government-backed discrimination amongst the non -Malay communities. BASIC STATISTICS and FACTS Malays and other bumiputra stand for 65% of the population Chinese make up 26%, and the Indians 8%. (2000 census) 60 . 4% of Malaysians be Moslem, 19. 2% be Buddhist, 9. 1% atomic number 18 Christian, 6. 3% argon Hindi, 2. % follow Confucianism/Taoism/ some other traditional Chinese faith, and 2. 4% rehearse other faiths. (2000 census) 93% of Malays termination national schools, 90% of Chinese go after Chinese vernacular schools, and 70% of Indians attend Tamil vernacular schools. ( cut back Ministers address to the 2004 Malaysian educational activity Summit) Bumiputra unified upright play stands at 19. 4%. (Mid-Term Review of the 9th Malaysia Plan) 41% of Malaysians either describe national unity as superficial or imposed, or count there is no national unity at all in Malaysia. Merdeka message heathenish relations Perceptions poll parrot) 25% believe that Malaysians from various heathenish groups argon drifting apart rather than becoming much united, and 15% believe that the situation will precisely worsen over the future(a) decade. (Merdeka reduce heathen traffic Pe rceptions Poll) on that point is a clear coefficient of correlation amidst age and mixing right(prenominal) ones suffer heathen group unripeneder Malaysians ar likelier to recount they find it rugged to relate with those non from their give racial background, and less likely to assure they like mixing with people of a distinguishable rush along. CPPS Minda Muda theater) 22% do not set some any friends from social groups other than their own. Of those who do, 60% rarely or neer take meals with their friends from other ethnic backgrounds. (Merdeka join heathen dealing Perceptions Poll) Roughly 2/3rds of teen Malaysians close friends are in the first place from the same ethnic group or religion as them. (CPPS Minda Muda study) hardly 57% of Malaysians believe that government policies should steering on promoting stakess common to all Malaysians, with 25% believing that government policies should heighten on the interests of specific ethnic groups. Merdek a move ethnical dealings Perceptions Poll) 75% of young Malays can place they have neer been treated unfairly on account of their race however, exactly 45% of their Chinese peers and 49% of the Indians say the same. For phantasmal discrimination, the same figures stand at 82% for the Malays and 53% for others. (CPPS Minda Muda study) Recent polls bring up that ethnic inequality is the 2nd- some pressing issues face up by Malaysians, at 17%, with only price hikes and inflation considered to a greater extent than pressing, coming in at 20%. 3% are roughwhat or very dissatisfy with government efforts to address ethnic inequality. (Merdeka marrow Voter Opinion Poll 4 th Quarter 2007) hold 153 of the Federal Constitution states It shall be the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to safeguard the special authority of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this term. Article 153 has been used to permit quotas in the provision of keep outlet scholarships, accomplished function positions, and business licences.EDUCATION POLICIES unripened Chinese Malaysians are considerably dissatisfied with the state of the education dodging when it must(prenominal)ers to promoting national unity. (CPPS Minda Muda study) 64% of Chinese parents feel the education system is preparing students to be tolerant towards those of other races and religions, as unconnected to 78% of Malay parents and 83% of Indian parents. (Merdeka Research internality Education System Perceptions Survey) 86% of Malaysians believe that the time has come for a national education convention involving all races to review various aspects of our education policies. Merdeka Centre Education System Perceptions Survey) 42% of Malaysian youth reject a quota system for admissions to cosmos universities. (Merdeka Centre Youth Expectations Survey) 37% of Malaysians believe tha t the stream of primary education base on mother tongue will negatively affect ethnic relations in the long run. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 12% believe that the best way to break ethnic relations in the country is to standardise on one education system. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) Incidents of intolerance in the school system are very much ordinaryised in the media. Recently, a teacher told her students Indians were monkeys and children of prostitutes. The governments reply in such cases has been unsatisfactory in here, the teacher was only transferred, with no barely apparent penalty. Students often attend different primary school systems according to their mother tongue, curbing opportunities for interaction between young of different ethnic backgrounds.At the secondary level, many bumiputra students opt for one of the mara junior science colleges or other bumiputra-dominated boarding schools, further trim down young Malaysian s exposure to peers from different backgrounds. Universiti Teknologi mara (UiTM) is exclusively att terminate by bumiputra students suggestions by Selangor Chief Minister bronze Sri Khalid Ibrahim that it take in 10% of non-bumiputra was protested violently by students. A former Minister of Higher Education publicly tell that he would never assimilate non-bumiputra students set derriere on the campus.Although the quota system for university admissions has been abolished, there are regular calls from within the ruling party (Umno) for its restoration. Suspicions remain that the quota system is chill out in place by de facto, as the proportion of admitted bumiputra continues to hover between 50% and 60%. The quota system for government scholarships remains, and moves to increase the non-bumiputra quota or abolish the quotas entirely have come under fire. National Service is a popular remedial programme for racial integration 73% of youth believe it has a positivistic effect on national unity, and 87% say it ought to be retained. Merdeka Centre Youth Expectations Survey) ECONOMIC POLICIES The NEP has ended but liberally refers to affirmative action for the Bumiputera in social, economic, corporate, distributive trade, and educational aspects. Its relevance has been debated recently, with some groups calling to deputize this with a non-race base affirmative action policy, snap instead on convey and meritoriousnessocracy. A key target of the NEP was to have the bumiputra control 30% of corporate comeliness by 1990 when this target was not met, successor policies continued with a variety of bumiputra preferences.The 30% goal remains a key target in economic policy, and claims that it has already been reach have met with withering lit crit Under the Industrial Coordination Act, the state has wide-reaching powers to compass the 30% target. This power was well-nigh frequently used in the 1970s, when big restructuring of numerous private enterprises took place. exoteric corporations must have a bumiputra equity stake of at least(prenominal) 30%, although there are exceptions granted. revenue breaks for companies with 30% or more bumiputra self-will are common.The state has taken over several unconnected enterprises and established numerous government-linked corporations (GLCs) with the explicit suggest of increasing the bumiputra equity share. relinquish employment quotas apply to large plaques, which must employ staff in the same proportions as the overall ethnic composition of the country. Similar quotas also apply to the boards of directors for a number of firms. obliging proceeds positions are military issue to even more stringent quotas a common and targeted ratio is 4 bumiputra to 1 non-bumiputra. thither are overt bumiputra preferences in public procural, where mental synthesis contracts, etc. re frequently condition to bumiputra-controlled firms without an open tendering process. Government policy is to enc ourage GLCs to follow government procurement procedures, extending the preferences to the commercial sector. In a controversial move, Maybank in 2007 announced it would only utilise law firms with a bumiputra ownership stake of 51% or more after public outcry, the policy was rolled back. Price discrimination, whereby the government subsidises bumiputra contractors bids, is also a frequent practice. All new real the three estates developments are required to stand a certain discount for bumiputra buyers.Shares in initial public offerings (IPOs) meant for bumiputra ownership are also frequently exchange at a discount. No government policy has ever set explicit targets for inter- or intra-ethnic income inequality. The government monitors the incomes of various ethnic groups, but cut income disparities or uplifting the short(p) in general is not a major priority. Studies indicate significant dissatisfaction amongst the Chinese population with the governments economic policies, whic h a demonstrable number perceive as prejudicial to national unity. CPPS Minda Muda study) 39% of Malaysian youth believe that Malay preferences in government assistance ought to be abolished. (Merdeka Centre Youth Expectations Survey) Source CPPS Minda Muda study Policies for a Particular root word Only Sta teme nts on Econ Policies good for scotch unity Policie s 1. 17 1. 04 1. 96 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. 17 1. 93 2. 48 4. 01 3. 4 4. 2 Indian/Others Chinese Malay NEP good for unity theology and the LAW Amongst non-Muslims, concern is ripening that Islamic law as in force(p) in Malaysia impinges on some of their rights.The Lina Joy case in 2007 ended with the apex Federal solicit ruling 2-1 that Malaysians efficaciously defined as Muslims cannot convert out of Islam without going through the Muslim Syariah court system. In 2005 Maniam Moorthy (also known as Mohammad Abdullah) was interred as a Muslim because formal records indicated he had reborn from Hinduism to Islam his family protested as he had never assumption them any indication of renascence, and continued to practice the Hindu faith. The polite courts refused to hear the emergence, and referred the Hindu family to the Muslim Syariah courts.In 2005, T. Saravanan converted from Hinduism to Islam, and filed an application in the Syariah Courts to dissolve his civil marriage and gain cargo area of his children. His wife, R. Subashini, insisted that only the civil courts could dissolve a civil marriage, but the civil courts held that they had no jurisdiction over the calculate because as a Muslim Saravanan was now subject to Islamic family law. 2007 cut the case of Revathi Massosai, whose parents had registered her as a Muslim at kind, but had been brocaded as a practicing Hindu by her grandmother.When she filed an application to change her legal status from Muslim to Hindu, she was detained by Muslim religious authorities and sent for rehabilitation, where she claimed she was forced to consume kick and follow Muslim religious traditions. many non-Muslim places of worship, to begin with Hindu temples, have been demolished in recent geezerhood as illegal structures on public land. Non-Muslim activists claim that as historical landmarks, many of these buildings should have remained standing, and plead government discrimination in targeting non-Muslim places of worship. religious dialogue has often been attacked as a challenge to the position of Islam, which is the authoritative religion of Malaysia. Attempts to set up an Interfaith Commission have been rebuffed as a non-Muslim attempt to range Islamic beliefs, and civil society-organised forums on Muslim religious issues such as conversions have been forced to a untimely close by oral protests. Top government officials, including the present Prime Minister and his predecessor, have declared Malaysia an Islamic state although no related amendments to the law have been make.It is not clear what ramifications this has in store for the nonMuslim communities, but some fear this is an unstated justification for perceived injustices like the said(prenominal) cases. Mean Ranks Respondents were asked to rank on a 5-point scale the following statements, with 1 as Fully take issue and 5 as Fully Agree. The statements here read Government policies to help the poor should be for a crabby group of Malaysians only. Government economic policies are good for national unity. I think the NEP has been good to unite the country together. IDENTITY and POLITICS 45% of Malaysians see themselves as Malaysian first, with 42% (including over half the Malays) identifying primarily as subdivisions of their respective ethnic groups. 12% believe they are equally Malaysians and equally members of their own ethnic communities. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) untested Malaysians have different orientations 40% say they see themselves as Malaysian first, but 39% by and large Malay identify primari ly as the member of a religious group. 0% of Chinese Malaysian youths see themselves as a member of their own ethnic group first, as distant to 7% each for the Malays, Indians and non-Muslim bumiputra. (DiGi Snapshot MERDEKA Youth in Focus) Ethnic stereotyping is prevalent, with 58% of Malaysians saying Malays are lazy, 65% saying Chinese are greedy, and 58% saying Indians cannot be trusted. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 70% of Malaysians believe they should help those from their own ethnic group first beforehand helping others.Only 56% are more concerned somewhat other Malaysians than their Muslim, Chinese or Indian counterparts overseas. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 75% view their own culture as superior to other Malaysian cultures. However, 92% say they are happy to live in Malaysia because they get to enjoy different cultures. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 67% of Malaysians want each ethnic group to maintain its own cultural identity however, 10% of the Malays prefer all people to practice Malay cultural traditions.A further 25% of Malaysians would like to see different cultures mix and give birth to a new unique set of traditions. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 90% are proud to be Malaysian, and 93% have never thought of emig valuation to another country. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 40% of Chinese and Indians believe they are second-class citizens. A vast volume of Malaysians 94% however say that no matter how difficult ethnic relationships sometimes get, Malaysians should consider themselves lucky to live here. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) There is a clear divide about the political direction of the country. Non-Malays are nearly unanimous in hoping that all cultures and religions will be given equal rights, but this is shared by only 38% of the Malays. 16% favour a Malay-dominant country, while 43% would like a more Islam ic country. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) While 46% of Malaysians, close to of them Malay, believe that Malaysian society is shape up enough to discuss racial and religious issues openly, 49% think that these issues are too sensitive to merit an open discussion. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 55% of Malaysians believe that politicians are to blame for segregating the people through racial politics. A slim majority of the Malays, however, disagree. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) The most popular of five different proposals to improve national unity was the execution of just and fair government policies, favoured by 34% of Malaysians, peculiarly 59% of the Chinese. The next-most popular suggestion was to hold more programs such as National Service and RukunTetangga, garnering support from 22%. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) not H arm onious at al 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Malay Chinese Indian/Others 0 10 20 30 4 0 race q7a_1 V er y Harmonious Percent Source CPPS Minda Muda study Respondents from the Malay ethnic group rated religious harmony significantly utmost than did those from Chinese and Indian/ others ethnic groups. This is visible from 22% of Malays giving high ratings (9 and 10 on a 10-point scale) to religious harmony, compared to 13% of Indians/others and only 1% of Chinese.The mean Malay rating for religious harmony was 7. 3, as opposed to 5. 5 for Chinese respondents and 6. 8 for Indians/Others. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The governments taper should be on the initiatives to leaven Malaysias domestic entrepreneurial capacitor. As history has indicated, entrepreneurial capacity cannot be cultivated primarily through selective patronage and elementary access to bank lends and government concessions. The motivating now is for the forwarding of policies based on merit.Immediate implementation of a more merit-based public military unit system in the civil service for enhancing equality of opportunity in recruitment and career advancement. The various public service commissions should be made more representative in instal to enhance public effrontery in their guardianship of the merit system. annual intake of fresh recruits should comprise 60 pct of Malays and 40 percent of non-Malays. Terminate the policy and practice of having some public tertiary institutions open to only specific ethnic groups.Set out clear and rank(a) criteria of admissions applicable to all public tertiary institutions. The criteria should include a weight for socio-economic and geographical/regional background to compensate for socio-economic and geographical/ regional disadvantage. assert/expand the provision of scholarships for donnish excellence, to be applied to the top 5 per cent of applicants/ enrolees in selected handle assessed as critical to Malaysias social, cultural and economic needs and future. uncover a provision for scholarships to the next 5 per cent of appl icants/enrolees in selected field assessed as critical to the civil service. lead/ expand a loan scheme for all others that will be discounted in proportion to academic achievement, that is, achievement of highest honours will result in a conversion of 80 per cent of the loan to a scholarship, and so on. This addresses issues of affordability, while at the same time factoring in an incentive to performance. break off all explicit or implicit quotas in the recruitment and promotion of faculty as it is paradoxical to entrust the higher education of our young to any but the most qualified. Consideration should be given to the establishment of a special plane section or agency to look after non-Bumiputera ethnic minority affairs, and especially to provide oversight in the fair and unbiased implementation of government programmes. Such an agency should be broad based and include representatives from government, interest groups, ethnic minority communities and NGOs.National UnityCPPS Policy Factsheet National Unity CPPS is pleased to bring to you its CPPS Policy Fact Sheet on national unity. In this factsheet, we will look at government policies which affect national unity and explore their effects on social cohesion and integrity in Malaysia. BACKGROUND Malaysia is one of the most plural and heterogeneous countries in the world, with three major ethnic groups Malay, Chinese, and Indian plus several other indigenous tribes. It has a checkered history, having been under four different colonial powers at one time or another since the 16th century.This ethnic and cultural diversity is reflected in the wide variety of languages spoken and religions adept in Malaysia even within the same ethnic group, various traditions prevail. Modern Malaysia is increasingly forced to confront the tensions arising from this fount of diversity, and the politics of race and religion. Malaysia has been free of ethnic bloodshed, but there remains much room for Malaysians to understa nd one another and to see each other as equal parts of an indivisible nation.National unity is a key target of government policy the Department of National Unity is tasked with promoting greater integration amongst the countrys various communities. However, numerous government policies and laws differentiate between Malaysians on the basis of ethnic background, to the point that many feel they have been the target of discrimination. Overall Malaysians are pleased with the progress the country has made in coming to terms with its plural and diverse nature. Yet, there is still significant room for improvement and ensuring that every Malaysian believes there is a place for them under the Malaysian sun.FLASH POINTS The Department of National Unity defines national unity as a situation in which all citizens from the various ethnic groups, religions, and states live in peace as one united nationality, giving full commitment to national identity based upon the Federal Constitution and the Rukunegara. Wawasan 2020 (Vision 2020), a government policy targeting developed status for Malaysia by the year 2020, names national unity as a key component of a developed country. The Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian Nation) policy mphasises people being able to identify themselves with the country, speak Bahasa Malaysia (the Malay language) and accept the Constitution. Prior to Bangsa Malaysia, the governments main thrust towards national unity was the National Culture Policy implemented in 1971, which defined the indigenous culture and Islam as two important bases for the national culture. The 2006 National Education Blueprint targets racial polarisation in the school system, aiming to use classes on the Constitution and other such activities to bring students together, while promoting Mandarin and Tamil classes in national schools.In 2008, the government announced new quotas for government scholarships, with 55% allocated to the bumiputra and 45% for non-bumiputra previously the qu ota stood at 90% to 10%. The old ethnic quota system in university admissions was abolished in 2004. The National Service programme which commenced in 2003 is meant to address racial polarisation and encourage national unity by bringing youths from a variety of backgrounds together in one setting.The New Economic Policy and other associated affirmative action programmes have helped dampen Malay fears of falling behind the rest of the nation socioeconomically, but also led to concerns of government-backed discrimination amongst the non -Malay communities. BASIC STATISTICS and FACTS Malays and other bumiputra comprise 65% of the population Chinese make up 26%, and the Indians 8%. (2000 census) 60. 4% of Malaysians are Muslim, 19. 2% are Buddhist, 9. 1% are Christian, 6. 3% are Hindu, 2. % follow Confucianism/Taoism/ another traditional Chinese faith, and 2. 4% practice other faiths. (2000 census) 93% of Malays attend national schools, 90% of Chinese attend Chinese vernacular schools, and 70% of Indians attend Tamil vernacular schools. (Prime Ministers address to the 2004 Malaysian Education Summit) Bumiputra corporate equity stands at 19. 4%. (Mid-Term Review of the 9th Malaysia Plan) 41% of Malaysians either describe national unity as superficial or imposed, or believe there is no national unity at all in Malaysia. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 25% believe that Malaysians from different ethnic groups are drifting apart rather than becoming more united, and 15% believe that the situation will only worsen over the next decade. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) There is a clear correlation between age and mixing outside ones own ethnic group younger Malaysians are likelier to say they find it difficult to relate with those not from their own racial background, and less likely to say they like mixing with people of a different race. CPPS Minda Muda study) 22% do not have any friends from ethnic groups other than their own. Of th ose who do, 60% rarely or never take meals with their friends from other ethnic backgrounds. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) Roughly 2/3rds of young Malaysians close friends are primarily from the same ethnic group or religion as them. (CPPS Minda Muda study) Only 57% of Malaysians believe that government policies should focus on promoting interests common to all Malaysians, with 25% believing that government policies should focus on the interests of specific ethnic groups. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 75% of young Malays can say they have never been treated unfairly on account of their race however, only 45% of their Chinese peers and 49% of the Indians say the same. For religious discrimination, the same figures stand at 82% for the Malays and 53% for others. (CPPS Minda Muda study) Recent polls suggest that ethnic inequality is the 2nd-most pressing issues faced by Malaysians, at 17%, with only price hikes and inflation considered more pres sing, coming in at 20%. 3% are passably or very dissatisfied with government efforts to address ethnic inequality. (Merdeka Centre Voter Opinion Poll 4 th Quarter 2007) Article 153 of the Federal Constitution states It shall be the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this Article. Article 153 has been used to permit quotas in the provision of public scholarships, civil service positions, and business licences.EDUCATION POLICIES Young Chinese Malaysians are considerably dissatisfied with the state of the education system when it comes to promoting national unity. (CPPS Minda Muda study) 64% of Chinese parents feel the education system is preparing students to be tolerant towards those of other races and religions, as opposed to 78% of Malay parents and 83% of Indian parents. (Merdeka Rese arch Centre Education System Perceptions Survey) 86% of Malaysians believe that the time has come for a national education convention involving all races to review various aspects of our education policies. Merdeka Centre Education System Perceptions Survey) 42% of Malaysian youth reject a quota system for admissions to public universities. (Merdeka Centre Youth Expectations Survey) 37% of Malaysians believe that the streaming of primary education based on mother tongue will negatively affect ethnic relations in the long run. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 12% believe that the best way to improve ethnic relations in the country is to standardise on one education system. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) Incidents of intolerance in the school system are often publicised in the media. Recently, a teacher told her students Indians were monkeys and children of prostitutes. The governments response in such cases has been unsatisfactory in here, the tea cher was only transferred, with no further apparent penalty. Students often attend different primary school systems according to their mother tongue, curbing opportunities for interaction between young of different ethnic backgrounds.At the secondary level, many bumiputra students opt for one of the MARA junior science colleges or other bumiputra-dominated boarding schools, further reducing young Malaysians exposure to peers from different backgrounds. Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) is exclusively attended by bumiputra students suggestions by Selangor Chief Minister Tan Sri Khalid Ibrahim that it take in 10% of non-bumiputra was protested violently by students. A former Minister of Higher Education publicly declared that he would never see non-bumiputra students set foot on the campus.Although the quota system for university admissions has been abolished, there are regular calls from within the ruling party (Umno) for its restoration. Suspicions remain that the quota system is sti ll in place by de facto, as the proportion of admitted bumiputra continues to hover between 50% and 60%. The quota system for government scholarships remains, and moves to increase the non-bumiputra quota or abolish the quotas entirely have come under fire. National Service is a popular remedial programme for racial integration 73% of youth believe it has a positive effect on national unity, and 87% say it ought to be retained. Merdeka Centre Youth Expectations Survey) ECONOMIC POLICIES The NEP has ended but broadly refers to affirmative action for the Bumiputera in social, economic, corporate, distributive trade, and educational aspects. Its relevance has been debated recently, with some groups calling to replace this with a non-racebased affirmative action policy, focusing instead on need and meritocracy. A key target of the NEP was to have the bumiputra control 30% of corporate equity by 1990 when this target was not met, successor policies continued with a variety of bumiputra p references.The 30% goal remains a key target in economic policy, and claims that it has already been attained have met with withering criticism Under the Industrial Coordination Act, the state has wide-reaching powers to achieve the 30% target. This power was most frequently used in the 1970s, when vast restructuring of numerous private enterprises took place. Public corporations must have a bumiputra equity stake of at least 30%, although there are exceptions granted. Tax breaks for companies with 30% or more bumiputra ownership are common.The state has taken over several foreign enterprises and established numerous government-linked corporations (GLCs) with the explicit purpose of increasing the bumiputra equity share. Loose employment quotas apply to large establishments, which must employ staff in the same proportions as the overall ethnic composition of the country. Similar quotas also apply to the boards of directors for a number of firms. Civil service positions are subject t o even more stringent quotas a common and targeted ratio is 4 bumiputra to 1 non-bumiputra. There are overt bumiputra preferences in public procurement, where construction contracts, etc. re frequently given to bumiputra-controlled firms without an open tendering process. Government policy is to encourage GLCs to follow government procurement procedures, extending the preferences to the commercial sector. In a controversial move, Maybank in 2007 announced it would only utilise law firms with a bumiputra ownership stake of 51% or more after public outcry, the policy was rolled back. Price discrimination, whereby the government subsidises bumiputra contractors bids, is also a frequent practice. All new real estate developments are required to provide a certain discount for bumiputra buyers.Shares in initial public offerings (IPOs) meant for bumiputra ownership are also frequently sold at a discount. No government policy has ever set explicit targets for inter- or intra-ethnic income i nequality. The government monitors the incomes of various ethnic groups, but reducing income disparities or uplifting the poor in general is not a major priority. Studies indicate significant dissatisfaction amongst the Chinese population with the governments economic policies, which a substantial number perceive as detrimental to national unity. CPPS Minda Muda study) 39% of Malaysian youth believe that Malay preferences in government assistance ought to be abolished. (Merdeka Centre Youth Expectations Survey) Source CPPS Minda Muda study Policies for a Particular Group Only Sta teme nts on Econ Policies good for Economic unity Policie s 1. 17 1. 04 1. 96 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. 17 1. 93 2. 48 4. 01 3. 4 4. 2 Indian/Others Chinese Malay NEP good for unity RELIGION and the LAW Amongst non-Muslims, concern is growing that Islamic law as practiced in Malaysia impinges on some of their rights.The Lina Joy case in 2007 ended with the apex Federal Court ruling 2-1 that Malaysians legally defined as Muslims cannot convert out of Islam without going through the Muslim Syariah court system. In 2005 Maniam Moorthy (also known as Mohammad Abdullah) was buried as a Muslim because official records indicated he had converted from Hinduism to Islam his family protested as he had never given them any indication of conversion, and continued to practice the Hindu faith. The civil courts refused to hear the matter, and referred the Hindu family to the Muslim Syariah courts.In 2005, T. Saravanan converted from Hinduism to Islam, and filed an application in the Syariah Courts to dissolve his civil marriage and gain custody of his children. His wife, R. Subashini, insisted that only the civil courts could dissolve a civil marriage, but the civil courts held that they had no jurisdiction over the matter because as a Muslim Saravanan was now subject to Islamic family law. 2007 saw the case of Revathi Massosai, whose parents had registered her as a Muslim at birth, but had been raised as a pr acticing Hindu by her grandmother.When she filed an application to change her legal status from Muslim to Hindu, she was detained by Muslim religious authorities and sent for rehabilitation, where she claimed she was forced to consume beef and follow Muslim religious traditions. Numerous non-Muslim places of worship, primarily Hindu temples, have been demolished in recent years as illegal structures on public land. Non-Muslim activists claim that as historical landmarks, many of these buildings should have remained standing, and allege government discrimination in targeting non-Muslim places of worship.Interfaith dialogue has often been attacked as a challenge to the position of Islam, which is the official religion of Malaysia. Attempts to set up an Interfaith Commission have been rebuffed as a non-Muslim attempt to regulate Islamic beliefs, and civil society-organised forums on Muslim religious issues such as conversions have been forced to a premature close by vocal protests. Top government officials, including the present Prime Minister and his predecessor, have declared Malaysia an Islamic state although no related amendments to the law have been made.It is not clear what ramifications this has in store for the nonMuslim communities, but some fear this is an implicit justification for perceived injustices like the aforementioned cases. Mean Ranks Respondents were asked to rank on a 5-point scale the following statements, with 1 as Fully Disagree and 5 as Fully Agree. The statements here read Government policies to help the poor should be for a particular group of Malaysians only. Government economic policies are good for national unity. I think the NEP has been good to unite the country together. IDENTITY and POLITICS 45% of Malaysians see themselves as Malaysian first, with 42% (including over half the Malays) identifying primarily as members of their respective ethnic groups. 12% believe they are equally Malaysians and equally members of their own eth nic communities. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) Young Malaysians have different orientations 40% say they see themselves as Malaysian first, but 39% mostly Malay identify primarily as the member of a religious group. 0% of Chinese Malaysian youths see themselves as a member of their own ethnic group first, as opposed to 7% each for the Malays, Indians and non-Muslim bumiputra. (DiGi Snapshot MERDEKA Youth in Focus) Ethnic stereotyping is prevalent, with 58% of Malaysians saying Malays are lazy, 65% saying Chinese are greedy, and 58% saying Indians cannot be trusted. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 70% of Malaysians believe they should help those from their own ethnic group first before helping others.Only 56% are more concerned about other Malaysians than their Muslim, Chinese or Indian counterparts overseas. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 75% view their own culture as superior to other Malaysian cultures. However, 92% say they are happy to live in Malaysia because they get to enjoy different cultures. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 67% of Malaysians want each ethnic group to maintain its own cultural identity however, 10% of the Malays prefer all people to practice Malay cultural traditions.A further 25% of Malaysians would like to see different cultures mix and give birth to a new unique set of traditions. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 90% are proud to be Malaysian, and 93% have never thought of emigrating to another country. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 40% of Chinese and Indians believe they are second-class citizens. A vast majority of Malaysians 94% however say that no matter how difficult ethnic relationships sometimes get, Malaysians should consider themselves lucky to live here. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) There is a clear divide about the political direction of the country. Non-Malays are nearly unanimous in hoping that all cultures and religions will be given equal rights, but this is shared by only 38% of the Malays. 16% favour a Malay-dominant country, while 43% would like a more Islamic country. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) While 46% of Malaysians, most of them Malay, believe that Malaysian society is mature enough to discuss racial and religious issues openly, 49% think that these issues are too sensitive to merit an open discussion. Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) 55% of Malaysians believe that politicians are to blame for segregating the people through racial politics. A slim majority of the Malays, however, disagree. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) The most popular of five different proposals to improve national unity was the implementation of just and fair government policies, favoured by 34% of Malaysians, especially 59% of the Chinese. The next-most popular suggestion was to hold more programs such as National Ser vice and RukunTetangga, garnering support from 22%. (Merdeka Centre Ethnic Relations Perceptions Poll) Not H arm onious at al 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Malay Chinese Indian/Others 0 10 20 30 40 race q7a_1 V er y Harmonious Percent Source CPPS Minda Muda study Respondents from the Malay ethnic group rated religious harmony significantly higher than did those from Chinese and Indian/ others ethnic groups. This is visible from 22% of Malays giving high ratings (9 and 10 on a 10-point scale) to religious harmony, compared to 13% of Indians/others and only 1% of Chinese.The mean Malay rating for religious harmony was 7. 3, as opposed to 5. 5 for Chinese respondents and 6. 8 for Indians/Others. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The governments focus should be on the initiatives to promote Malaysias domestic entrepreneurial capacity. As history has indicated, entrepreneurial capacity cannot be cultivated primarily through selective patronage and easy access to bank loans and government concessions. The need no w is for the promotion of policies based on merit.Immediate implementation of a more merit-based public personnel system in the civil service for enhancing equality of opportunity in recruitment and career advancement. The various public service commissions should be made more representative in order to enhance public confidence in their guardianship of the merit system. Annual intake of fresh recruits should comprise 60 percent of Malays and 40 percent of non-Malays. Terminate the policy and practice of having some public tertiary institutions open to only specific ethnic groups.Set out clear and transparent criteria of admissions applicable to all public tertiary institutions. The criteria should include a weighting for socio-economic and geographical/regional background to compensate for socio-economic and geographical/ regional disadvantage. Introduce/expand the provision of scholarships for academic excellence, to be applied to the top 5 per cent of applicants/ enrolees in sele cted fields assessed as critical to Malaysias social, cultural and economic needs and future.Introduce a provision for scholarships to the next 5 per cent of applicants/enrolees in selected fields assessed as critical to the civil service. Introduce/ expand a loan scheme for all others that will be discounted in proportion to academic achievement, that is, achievement of highest honours will result in a conversion of 80 per cent of the loan to a scholarship, and so on. This addresses issues of affordability, while simultaneously factoring in an incentive to performance.End all explicit or implicit quotas in the recruitment and promotion of faculty as it is ridiculous to entrust the higher education of our young to any but the most qualified. Consideration should be given to the establishment of a special department or agency to look after non-Bumiputera ethnic minority affairs, and especially to provide oversight in the fair and unbiased implementation of government programmes. Such an agency should be broad based and include representatives from government, interest groups, ethnic minority communities and NGOs.

Types Of Language Learning Strategies Education Essay

Chapter 4IntroductionThis chapter focuses on the purposes obtained from the information collected with the study. Respondents of the study were the ADFP and ACTP pupils of the American Degree Programme in INTEC, UiTM Shah Alam. The informations collected were analyzed utilizing the SPSS package compress version 16.0. The findings atomic number 18 presented found on the research inquiries in chapter 1What argon the acquisition schemes used by the respondents?What is the point of college self-efficacy among the respondents?What is the stage of schoolmanian doing among the respondents?What is the relationship between larning schemes and self efficaciousness on faculty member action?What is the smash of each discrimination of in parasitic unsettled towards faculty member accomplishment?Table 4.1Demographic Background of respondents harmonizing to gender andethnicity ( n=285 )Respondents Profile relative frequency ( n ) Percentage ( % )GenderMale 162 56.8Fe young-begetti ng(prenominal) 123 43.2EthnicityMalay 138 48.4Chinese 91 31.9Indian 31 10.9Others 25 8.8Entire 285 100Table 4.1 presents the demographic information of the respondents involved in this panorama. More male pupils participated in the survey with a per centum of 56.8 % compargond to 43.2 % who were female pupils. On another classify of ethnicity, Malay pupils were the chief respondents in this survey with a per centum of 48.4 % while Chinese pupils comprised about 31.9 % of the entire sample. Another 10.9 % of the respondents are of Indian ethnicity while the net 8.8 % are of other ethnics.Table 4.2Descriptive Analysis of Types of Language skill SchemesTypes of Language Learning Mean Std. DeviationSchemes store Schemes 2.8612 0.5866cognitive Schemes 3.4639 0.4853Compensation Strategies 3.4515 0.6241Metacognitive Schemes 3.5789 0.6301emotive Schemes 2.8117 0.6833 kindly Strategies 3.6439 0.6924Table 4.2 presents the informations on the types of lingual talk acquisition schemes use d by the respondents. The findings show that to the highest degree respondents use tender Schemes ( M= 3.6439, SD= 0.692411 ) followed by Metacognitive Strategies ( M= 3.5789, SD= 0.63011 ) and eventually Cognitive Schemes ( M= 3.4639, SD= 0.48529 ) .From the findings, it can be inferred that the respondents benefit the most from utilizing societal schemes, metacognitive schemes and cognitive schemes in their procedure of linguistic converse acquisition. This operator that in footings of utilizing societal schemes, the respondents learn linguistic communication remedy(p) through inquiring inquiries in cat egory, collaborating with others who are adept in the linguistic communication and sympathizing with others for exemplification, through developing cultural apprehension. In other words, these respondents learn best when socialising with others in the mark linguistic communication.The findings besides revealed that the respondents who uses metacognitive schemes. This means t hat respondents utilise metacognitive schemes tend to focus on their acquisition for illustration associating new perception with what they already know, set uping and be aftering their acquisition and ego measuring themselves in their acquisition advancement. In short, these scholars plan out their learning advancement and beau their new cognition to old schemes.Respondents practising cognitive schemes in larning the mark linguistic communication tend to utilize patterns for illustration utilizing expressions and forms or concentrate on the chief thought of a message when reading a text. These scholars are besides prone to make a batch of analysis and do logical thinking for illustration by analysing looks and eventually create reflection in footings of either having input or end product for illustration taking notes.Table 4.3Descriptive Analysis of Domains of College egotism talentSpheres of Mean Std. DeviationCollege ego competency line of credit egotism Efficacy 6.9464 1.3234Roommate egotism Efficacy 7.6044 1.2662sociable self Efficacy 6.8097 1.3726The findings in table 4.3 shows that respondents gather in high ego efficaciousness when covering with roomie ego efficaciousness ( M= 7.6044, SD= 1.2662 ) followed by class ego efficaciousness ( M= 6.9464, SD= 1.3234 ) and societal ego efficaciousness ( M= 6.8097, SD= 1.3726 ) . The findings picture that the respondents are much confident in tie ining with their roomies and finishing undertaking related to their surveies. nevertheless societal wise, the findings shows that the respondents are less confident about themselves socialising in major module events or in their interpersonal accomplishments with others such as doing new friends.Table 4.4Distribution and Percentage of Respondents Cumulative mug Point Average ( CGPA )Accumulative Grade Frequency ( N ) Percent ( % )Point Average ( CGPA )Low ( &038 A lt 2.49 ) 2 7Moderate ( 2.50 3.49 ) 217 76.1High ( 3.50 4.00 ) 66 23.2Entire 285 100Ta ble 4.4 studies on the degree of schoolman accomplishment of the respondents. From the information, it shows that a bulk of the respondents fuck off mean academic accomplishment with a per centum of 76.1 % runing from 2.50 3.49. 23.2 % of respondents have high CCPA runing from 3.50 4.00. The staying 7 % have low academic accomplishment runing from less than 2.49. This findings show that the bulk of respondents from the American Degree Programme have moderate scope of CGPA.Table 4.5 correlation Matrix between Types of Language Learning Strategies on schoolman AchievementLanguage Learning SchemesMemory Schemes -0.236**Cognitive Schemes 0.098Compensation Schemes 0.082Metacognitive Schemes 0.092Affectional Schemes -0.324**Social Strategies 0.130*** . Correlation is weighty at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) .* . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) .Table 4.5 shows the relationship of linguistic communication larning schemes on academic accomplishment. By utilizin g Pearson Correlation to find strength of the relationship between the breakaway variables and academic accomplishment, it was represent there are three schemes that show correlativity with academic accomplishment which are associated with academic accomplishment. Those linguistic communication larning schemes are Memory Strategies, Affective Strategies and Social Strategies.The relationship between Memory Strategies, Affective Strategies and academic accomplishment shows a negative and really light(a) relationship with their R and P values ( r= -0.236 p= 0.000, r= -0.324 p= 0.000 ) one after another. This suggests that the to a greater extent the respondents use both Memory and Affective Strategies in their linguistic communication acquisition, the lower their academic accomplishment would be. On another note, Social Strategies indicate a positive but really weak correlativity with respondents academic accomplishment with its R and P value at r= 0.130, p= 0.029. This suggests that the more respondents use Social Schemes in their linguistic communication acquisition, the better they perform academically.Table 4.6Correlation Matrix between Domains of College Self Efficacy on Academic AchievementCollege Self-EfficacyCourse Self Efficacy 0.226**Roommate Self Efficacy -0.031Social Self Efficacy 0.151*** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) .* . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) .Table 4.6 studies on the correlativity on spheres of college egos efficaciousness with respondents academic accomplishment. Both Course Self Efficacy and Social Self Efficacy show that there is a positive yet weak and really weak relationship between the 2 variables on academic accomplishment with their R and P values ( r= 0.226 p= 0.000, r= 0.151 p= 0.011 ) severally. This consequence suggests that similar of Social Strategies bespeaking that the higher the respondents ego efficaciousness in footings of Course and Social, the better the respondents would execute academically.Table 4.7An analysis of Multiple obsession on Academic AchievementTo find the part of each independent variable towards academic accomplishment, the tuck method of multiple arrested teaching analysis was employed. To hindquarters the forecasters of academic accomplishment, the subscales from each spheres multiple additive arrested development was proposed. The nine subscale forecasters are Memory Strategies ( x1 ) , Cognitive Strategies ( x2 ) , Compensation Strategies ( x3 ) , Metacognitive Strategies ( x4 ) , Affectional Strategies ( x5 ) , Social Strategies ( x6 ) , Course Self Efficacy ( x7 ) , Roommate Self Efficacy ( x8 ) and Social Self Efficacy ( x9 ) . The equation of the proposed multiple additive arrested development theoretical account are as follows ( equation 1 ) Y1=b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 + b6x6 + b7x7 + b8x8 + b9x9 + vitamin EEquation 1Whereb0 = ceaseb1-4 = Slopes ( Estimates of Coefficients )Y1 = Academic A chievementx1 = Memory Strategiesx2 = Cognitive Schemesx3 = Compensation Schemesx4 = Metacognitive Schemesx5 = Affective Schemesx6 = Social Schemesx7 = Course Self Efficacyx8 = Roommate Self Efficacyx9 = Social Self Efficacyvitamin E = Random ErrorVariables Un-Standard Standard T Sig. ( P )Coefficients Coefficientsi??i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i??i( Constant ) 3.105 17.655 0.000Memory -0.153 -0.270 -4.354 0.000SchemesCognitive 0.049 0.071 1.001 0.318SchemesCompensation 0.021 0.040 0.730 0.466SchemesMetacognitive 0.058 0.111 1.589 0.113SchemesAffectional -0.159 -0.328 -5.609 0.000SchemesSocial 0.063 0.132 2.080 0.038SchemesCourse Self 0.059 0.237 3.806 0.000EfficacyRoommate Self -0.027 -0.102 -1.697 0.091EfficacySocial Self 0.016 0.066 0.998 0.319EfficacyF Statistic = 11.191Adjusted R-squared = 0.244R2 = 0.268Based on the ENTER method which is presented in Table 4.7, the consequences show that there are two forecaster variables that were found importan t towards academic accomplishment. The two forecasters are Affectional Strategies ( x5 ) and Course Self Efficacy ( x7 ) with their T and P values severally ( t= -5.609 p= 0.000, t= 3.806 p= 0.000 ) . In order to strain the comparative importance of both forecasters in foretelling academic accomplishment, the value arrested development between coefficients were besides shown in Table 4.7. Standardized coefficients turn an of import function for comparative intents as the values of the different variables have been converted to the same graduated table.In this multiple arrested development, both dependent and independent variables were streamerized to hold a mean of 0 and a standard divergence of 1. Therefore, when an independent variable gives a high genus Beta coefficient, there is an indicant that the variable is extremely of import in loaning to the anticipation of the standard variable. Hence, based on the values reported in the tabular array, the highest beta coefficient wa s derived from Affective Strategies with a value of -0.328. This indicates that Affective Strategies was the strongest lector to the overall equation. This variable was followed by Course Self Efficacy with a beta coefficient of 0.237.To reason, the multiple arrested development theoretical account for academic accomplishment in standard mark units is presented as followersY1=3.105 + 0.159&2155 + 0.059&2157 + vitamin EEquation 2WhereY1 = Academic Accomplishmentsx5 = Affective Schemesx7 = Course Self Efficacyvitamin E = Random ErrorTable 4.7 besides shows the coefficient of finding where R-squared, is the value that indicates the per centum of the entire fluctuation of dependent variables that are explained by the independent variable. Therefore, as presented in Table 4.7, the entire sum of discrepancy of standard variable that is predictable from the two forecasters are 26.8 % , and the alter R-square alteration of 24.4 % .The adjusted R-square gives a better appraisal of the true population value, therefore the part of the forecaster variables towards the discrepancy in the standard variable in this survey are reported based on the adjusted R-square value. Therefore, the overall arrested development theoretical account has been successful in explicating about 24.4 % of the adjusted discrepancy in academic accomplishments.In short, merely two variables were found to be significantly linked to academic accomplishments at a important degree of 0.05. Those two variables are as reported which are Affectional Schemes and Course Self Efficacy. Both Affective Strategies and Course Self Efficacy were found to hold a important relationship with academic accomplishment. Therefore based on the multiple arrested development analysis, the consequences show that Affective Strategies and Course Self Efficacy history for 24.4 % which explains the discrepancy of academic accomplishment.

IBM Research Topic Essay

Mission Statement-Suitability for IBMThe bearing narration of IBM is fitting for the organization, and that not only because it sufficiently refers to the features a mission statement must(prenominal) have, but also because it expresses a center of success, teamwork and customer consideration, a spirit that only big companies base generate.Mission Statement-Strengths and weaknessesThough much grave a mission stetement is, it can develop some strengths and weaknesses regarding mostly the customers of a compevery, the custody and its shareholders. These three groups of people constitute a larger manikin of groups, which has a legitimate interest in the fortunes of a political party, the stakeholders of a high society.Customers-StrengthsIn the market of data technology, customers go out expect the most benefit information technology from a company in order to fulfill their needs. Customers will also demand a flexible range of products and services (after sales service) to suit their needs. By practice session the mission statement of IBM it is more than apparent that the company fulfills these demands and provides strengths to its customers (we strive to bullock in the creation and manufacture of the attentions most advertise information technologies, we translate these advance technologies into comfort for our customers through our professional solutions and services worldwide). Generally the mission statement of IBM expresses a spirit of marketing orientation, and customer devotiation.Customers-WeaknessesIt is extremeny difficult to pinpoint any weaknesses regarding customers generated from the mission statement of IBM, since the companys mission statement expresses a spirit of marketing orientation and customer service (we translate these ripe technologies into value for our customers through our professional solutions and services worldwide). However virtuoso could say that extremely high technology and development might fix such a speci alisation that may lead to non-user friendly products, which would not sufficiently serve the needs of the customers. This could be encountered as a weakness.Workforce-StrengthsThe workforce of a company will expect to operate in a friendly and teamwork enviroement, in which opportunities for training and career development will be given. The mission statement of IBM complies with these expectations, and so provides strengths to the workforce. Since the product line of IBM is highly technologically advanced (development and manufacture of the industrys most advance information technologies) the workforce of IBM will have the opportunity of being proficient and having developed their career in the future. Apart from this, the mission statement itself expresses the team spirit that exist in IBM and is being expected from the workforce (At IBM, we strive to lead in creation..Workforce-WeaknessesApart from the strengths that are generated from the mission statement of IBM a few weaknes ses can also arise. By reading the mission statement of IBM you can easily observe the tense the company has to invest in the development of the company (technology, services) in order to lead in creation, development and manufacture of the industrys most advance information technologies and so to serve by a more fruitfull sort the needs of its customers. This however can have a negative opposition on some expectations of the workforce. Employees might expect some profits of the company to be given for the use of raising wages rather than investment for the development of the company. Employees might expect shorter working hours and more standardised products and services. The non-confrontation of these expectations can be considered as weaknesses.

Benjamin Franklin Analysis

On Choosing a lady of pleasure On Choosing a Mistress is a garner written by Benjamin Franklin to advise adept of his close friends ab disclose choosing a mistress. In his 1745 letter, Franklin conveys that marriage is the only salvage for lustful inclinations, but if the friend is determined to stray outside marriage,Franklinadvices, you should select old Women to young ones. Franklinoffers close to basic, clean advice they be more knowledgeable, they are more discreet, they can non get pregnant, and then he gets down to more brute details.This letter was written by Benjamin Franklin long before he became president of the United States of America, Benjamin at the era was in the midst of his life. This document is unique because it was not intended for the public. The document suggests that Franklin restrained carried a sense of consciousness and morality, unlike what his critics say. The letter images that Franklin was undoubtedly a genuinely intelligent person with a sharp way of thinking. Franklin puts every forecast into effect in this letter this explains why he was successful in life.The significance of this document comes in the position that it is a personal letter rather than a document published for the public. This is extremely important in analyzing Benjamin Franklins personality accurately. Documents that are made for the public commonly are written based upon what is accepted by the monastic order, they tend to not include anything that may affect the writers reputation. It is go on that the society at the time in which the letter was written is different from todays society in many ways. American society at the time was frequently more conservative than it is today.Sexual relationships outside of marriage were considered to be immoral and were shunned by the society. Franklin is wary about not having a person to make the wrongdoing of being found of having an illegal relation or begetting an il authorized child. The actor p oint may a result of his own experience with his legitimate son William. . In his 6th and 7th point, Franklin puts into effect the guilt of razing a virgin girls life. He furthermore makes it clear that marriage is the most proper way to fulfill sexual desires. This explains that Franklin still has emphasis for morals and ethics.The conclusions about Franklins person put forwards from this letter could in fact be used to foreshadow the decisions he made in his future, and how he calculated each decision by carefully studying all the negatives and positives. Supporters of Benjamin Franklin regard this letter in contrary with his critics. Supporters may argue that Franklin understood that not everyone was in the pay situation to get married. They also argue that the point put out by this was only to be used as a ultimately resort. Benjamins critics rather carry a conflicting opinion.These documents cave in used as means to demoralize Benjamin Franklin by his enemies. They assign that Benjamin was in fact a whoremonger. Regardless of whos go through is more accurate, this letter still demonstrates Franklins extraordinary intelligence in critical thinking and decision making. Three Fables Franklin was never content with virtuous learned argument and syllogism in his campaigns in the press. In 1770, he had written and published ternary fables teaching the foolishness of punitive measures against the American colonies.These three fables portrayed Franklins stunning use of literature for propaganda purposes. These fables also resembled the dictatorial measures taken by Britain through the numerous acts which were seen as a dour burden by the colonists. Franklin portrays the colonies as the cows, the cat, and the lion, while portraying Britain as the farmer, the eagle, and the mastiff. wherefore in all three fables, the weak overcomes the strong, but only as a result of extreme oppression by the strong. These fables may be have been perceived as an indirec t threat to the British in colonial America.The fables were published during a time in which there was increase tension amid the colonists and the British. Franklin at the time was appointed as an broker of several colonies to the crown. His job was to convince the king and the parliament to change their policies towards the American colonies. These fables further ascertain Franklins enormous talent in literature. physical composition such precise and explanatory stories in just a a couple of(prenominal) sentences require a large author, Franklin has proven himself likewise.Franklin attempted to use these fables as political propaganda, as well as to draw reliever towards the American cause. By getting the English lords and decision makers to view it, Benjamin franklin precious to make it clear that treating the American colonies as cash cows would for sure backfire. This document draws its significant mainly due to the foreshadowing of the American Revolution. non many peop le would probably have taken this writing disadvantageously when it was first published, but some years later and with the beginning of the American Revolution, people would truly instigate to admire these fables.The British decision makers in which the fables were inscribed probably have showed little enliven, that is clearly shown by the fact they continued to ignore the demands of the American colonies. Perhaps the nature of these fables prompted the British decision makers to further ignore the demands because they saw these fables as a challenge, and they wanted to show that they could face such challenges. Franklins has done an excellent job in induction his literary skills for the American cause. The writing of the Three Fables was a symbolic word of advice to the English administration.Although the fables pop offed threatening, the English parliament still didnt react severely to the American demands. Benjamins writing was an early foreshadowing of the American Revolut ion. He has shown that he is indeed a straightforward American patriot. Rules by which A Great empire May Be Reduced to a small(a) One After failing to secure support in England, Franklin resorted to political satire in order to express the colonies grievances. In the 1770s, so far after helping to defeat the Stamp Act and (later) the Townsend Acts, Franklin grew frustrated with the British leaders ignorance of America and condescending attitude toward the colonies.Franklin at the time was still an ambassador of several American colonies to Britain. He wrote more essays denouncing British policies towards America. RulesByWhich a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One was one of the most known of these essays. The essay was clearly deprecated by the British. Franklin argued that the settlers and their ancestors were the ones who have built and expanded the colonies. Benjamin Franklin has shown that he was a true patriot through this essay. Franklins essay was most likely stock by widespread discontent by both the public and the political science in England.The fact that the writing threatened that British colonies may start breaking away has caused many British nationalists to condemn and refuse Franklins ideas. veritable(a) some of the lords who held some sympathy for the American cause pulled out their support after this essay was published. The King has probably received this with even wider discontent. It did not only make a direct threat to the kings authority, but the points inside were more of an order than that of a request. That may have further prompted the British authorities to ignore the requests.Franklin also argued that the colonists and their ancestors are the ones who worked hard to bring the colonies to what they were at the time. Most colonials would have agreed with Franklins reasoning. Many of the American born colonists did not see any real connection with Britain. This shows the deepening division that was occurring between the Am erican colonies and Britain at the time. Although the writing shows that Benjamin franklin would have preferred to continue violent escalation between Britain and the American colonies, it was clear he put the arouse of the American colonies first.Benjamin franklin has pointed out some great points in the document RulesByWhich a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One. His ideas which threatened that British colonies may did not sound appealing to people of Britain. This piece of writing also showed the widening severing between Britain and the American colonies. It was also made clear that Franklin put the interest of the American colonies as a priority. Although he sounded strict in some of his points, He has shown that he indeed does have what it takes to be a great leader.

Hardware and Software Selection Essay

be bout Description PaperAn brass instruments chronicle instruction agreement accommodates collecting instruction then dividing the development into wheel arounds. This root will hear the five score cycles and specifically how Riordan Manufacturing uses the economic consumption cycle. The strengths and weaknesses of the natural controls related to the outgo cycle will be examined. This paper will explain how to amalgamate the expenditure cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information arrangement. The motley types of information systems unavoidable to achieve this integration will be illustrated. Lastly, this paper will picture the flow of accounting information through Riordan Manufacturing.Accounting CyclesThe five accounting cycles argon the revenue, expenditure, support, fixed-asset, and variety cycles. distributively has its specific function within the accounting system. Almost every familiarity uses the first four accounting cycles, non all will use the conversion cycle. As a lodge grows, it is important for management and employees to understand the reasons for each accounting cycle and shipway the information trains to flow. The accounting cycles build upon each other. Without the revenue cycle, no(prenominal) of the other cycles would come into play. Once a comp whatever has revenue producing activities, the expenditure cycle is inevitable to pay the bills incurred in producng the goods required for the revenue cycle.The financing cycle is necessary to give the company availability to purchase the necessary buildings and machinery for merchandise along with making sure there are notes for the shareholders. The fixed-asset cycle records depreciation on the buildings and machinery along with the disposal of said items. The conversion cycle is important to manufacturing companies who use cost accounting to determine production costs. Table 1 (UOP, 2009), explains each phase of the accounting cycle and what docu ments and volume accounts are equaled by that cycle.Source University of Phoenix week 1 Read Me FirstRiordan Manufacturing uses the expenditure cycle by generating purchase tack togethers and receiving reports to wind their purchases. Riordan then uses these documents to request payment for the purchases. Riordan uses HRIS to keep track of employee hours, pay rates, pass and holiday epoch then uses this information to generate payroll checks. The company also has gross sales staff office who submit expense reports for reimbursement of expenses incurred during sales calls. Riordan Manufacturing uses buying and payroll records to determine the make out of taxes necessary to pay for sales tax, FICA, FUTA, SUTA and any other taxes due.Internal ControlsIn order to meet goals and intentions, organizations such as Riordan Manufacturing, fall in internal controls. Internal control is the plan of organization and orders a business uses to safeguard assets, provide accurate and r eliable information, promote and reform operational efficiency, and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies, laws, and regulations (UOP, 2009). In looking at specifically at the expenditure cycle, Riordan Manufacturing has both strong and weak internal controls.Strengths include internal controls in operations and quality control. To ensure agreement of operations and quality control, Riordan Manufacturing manages receipts of stinging materials, tracks product, and accounts for finished goods inventories. Internal controls include the sales department completing the sales orders and entering them into customer transportation system and billing system. Shipping then loads the sales orders and broth shop clerk updates the inventory system based on those shipping documents. Another suit is the production reports. They include a project name, document history including the edict date, approvals, and distri hardlyion. Project history information is archived in an approved location.However, weaknesses in Riordan Manufacturings military man resource department are abundant. Employee files are kept by individual managers instead of by human resources in a important employee file area under lock and key. Changes to individual(prenominal) information such as name, marital status, and exemptions are submitted by employee managers which should be requested by employees not their managers. A third-party provider keeps its own records of employees on workers payment but Riordan does not. Excel spreadsheets which include training and development records, applicant information, and individual compensation decisions are kept in unsecure areas and accessible to any one(a). Enterprise-wideIn order to contain the expenditure cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information system, Riordan management should examine the human resource department method of handling employee records. For instance, in an enterprise-wide system, the accounting infor mation system should focus on four objectives including strategic, operations, reporting, and compliance. In order for a business process management system to be implemented, the managers of the company need to evaluate certain criteria of the human resource department which can affect the expenditure cycle. First, management needs to identify the objectives of the human resource department in regards to employee records. This has a direct impact on the strategic objective of the enterprise-wide system.Secondly, the input function needs to be reevaluated. For instance, since the company has four assorted branches, all input data should be on one method of input. This analysis and pending action would increase the operations function. Thirdly, output time would radically increase for all four branches. The types of output Riordan should consider are the compliance and reporting objectives of the enterprise-wide system. Furthermore, to have the expenditure cycle implemented, thi s would decrease the amount of time that Riordan is taking to report expenses.Necessary education formations for IntegrationThe various types of information systems necessary to achieve this integration would include analyzing the following hardware, software, data, people, and procedures (Bagranoff, Simkin, and Strand, 2008.) deuce-ace types of controls necessary to keep in mind include preventive, detective, and corrective. The company has already established computer hardware for each of the four branches. In order to determine a software accounting program, the company needs to establish policies and procedures in regards to source documents. This has a direct impact on the data that is accumulated for the company.In order for payroll processing to take effect, personal action forms and employee payroll deduction authorization forms should be established. Riordan should consider a SOX Assurance and Compliance Application. Additionally, only managers should have access to comp any records. solely records, electronic or hard copy should be kept in one central location, thus the use of privacy management information software. Furthermore, policies and procedures for all departments should be retained with a records management system.Flow of Accounting learningThe flow of accounting information regarding inventory begins with a log of raw materials and shipping documents which are supervisor approved and taken to an inventory clerk who enters the information into the inventory system. Once entered into the inventory system, accounting personnel can pay supplier circulars. An inventory usage form is provided by the manufacturing staff to the inventory clerk to be entered into the inventory system which tracks raw materials and subassemblies. Manufacturing also provides the inventory clerk with an inventory form accounting for subassemblies and net products when added into the inventory system. In the final product shipping process, sales orders are creat ed and entered into the customer shipping and billing system. Shipping prepares the loads according the sales order information generated and ships accordingly. Then accounting can prepare the invoice after matching the sales order with the inventory system which illustrates the goods shipped.Each of the three operating entities of Riordan Manufacturing has their own accounting system. Therefore the systems are not compatible which makes the consolidation of information at the corporate office concentrated and labor intensive. Much information is conveyed via email and spreadsheets. Employee personal information changes are requested through a written form and are entered into the system by the payroll clerk.ConclusionThe five accounting cycles in an organizations accounting information system and specifically how Riordan Manufacturing incorporates the expenditure cycle into its system was explained. Strengths and weaknesses of Riordans internal controls related to the expenditure cycle were commented on. This paper explained how the expenditure cycle could be integrated into an enterprise-wide accounting information system. The various types of information systems necessary to achieve this integration were illustrated. Finally, the flow of accounting information through Riordan Manufacturing was demonstrated.ReferencesApollo Group, Inc. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing. Accounting Information System 1 overview. Retrieved March 11, 2009. ACC340-Accounting Information Systems Processing. https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Riordan/RioMfgHome002.htm Bagranoff, N., & Simkin, M., & Strand, C., (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed.) University of Phoenix Custom Edition E-text. New York, NY Wiley. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ACC/340 Accounting Information System 1 Web site. University of Phoenix (2009). Week five overview. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Five, rEsource. ACC340 -Accounting Information Systems 1 Course Web site. University of Phoenix (2009). Week one overview. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week One, rEsource. ACC340-Accounting Information Systems 1 Course Web site.